ABSTRACT
Introducción: El virus SARS-CoV-2 se propaga, principalmente, entre personas que están en estrecho contacto, de ahí la importancia de la detección de contactos y conocer las formas de transmisión entre estos. Objetivo: Identificar las principales formas de transmisión directa entre contactos de casos importados y autóctonos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal sobre dos poblaciones: los casos confirmados de COVID-19 en la provincia Santiago de Cuba en el último trimestre de 2020 y los contactos directos declarados por dichos casos. En busca de la mejor representatividad se empleó un diseño de muestreo estratificado en dos etapas. Para la recolección del dato primario se empleó la entrevista; para resumir la información, el número y el porcentaje; para detectar posibles diferencias, las pruebas de hipótesis de una proporción y de comparación de proporciones mediante el Minitab v. 19 y para elaborar los gráficos el Microsoft Excel 2016. Resultados: El promedio de contactos fue mayor entre los casos autóctonos, con predominio de compañeros de trabajo, vecinos e hijos. La relación contacto-caso en los importados fue amigo(a), chofer y suegro(a), mientras que en los autóctonos fue hijo(a). Hubo menor empleo de acciones preventivas y predominio de contactos extradomiciliarios en los importados. Los contactos de los importados fueron hospitalizados con mayor frecuencia y presentaron mayor proporción de asintomáticos que los de los autóctonos, pero no hubo diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: No se obtuvo un patrón diferenciado de transmisión, excepto que la transmisión característica de los autóctonos fue entre padre e hijo y en los importados fue entre amigos(AU)
Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 spreads, mainly, through close contact among people, hence the importance of detecting contacts of confirmed cases and identifying the mode of transmission between them. Objective: To identify the main modes of direct transmission among contacts of imported and autochthonous cases. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in two populations: the confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Santiago de Cuba in the last quarter of 2020, and their declared direct contacts. In the search of the best representativeness, a two-stage stratified sampling method was used. The interview was used to collect the primary data; numbers and percentage, to summarize the information; the one-sample proportion hypothesis test and the compare proportions test using Minitab v.19, to identify possible differences across groups; and Microsoft Excel 2016, to produce the graphics. Results: The average number of contacts was higher among the autochthonous cases, prevailing the co-workers, neighbors and children. The contact-case relationship in imported cases was friend, driver, and mother or father-in-law; while in the autochthonous cases, it was son or daughter. Preventive actions were less used, and extra-domiciliary contacts of imported cases predominated. Contacts of imported cases were hospitalized more often, and had a higher proportion of asymptomatic than the autochthonous cases, but there was no significant differences. Conclusions: A differentiated pattern of transmission was not obtained; except that, transmission among autochthonous cases was between parent and child; while in imported cases, it was between friends(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity , CubaABSTRACT
Abstract Cryptocaryon irritans is an obligate parasitic ciliate protozoan of wild and cultured marine fish. It causes white spot disease, and infections with this pathogen can cause significant losses for aquarists and commercial marine cultures worldwide. This study reports the occurrence of C. irritans parasitizing the ornamental reef fish, yellowtail tang, Zebrasoma xanthurum. Six days after being introduced to a new environment, 11 yellowtail tangs had white spots scattered across their bodies and fins. Suspicion of infection with C. irritans was evaluated by scraping the skin to confirm clinical diagnosis. After confirmation, the yellowtail tangs were transferred to a hospital aquarium and treated with the therapeutic agent Seachem Cupramine® for 15 days. During the treatment period, the copper concentration was monitored daily. At the end of the treatment, none of the yellowtail tangs showed clinical signs of white spots on their bodies, and skin scraping confirmed the yellowtail tangs were no longer infected. Subsequently, the yellowtail tangs were released for sale.
Resumo Cryptocaryon irritans é um protozoário ciliado parasita obrigatório de peixes marinhos selvagens e cultivados. Causa a doença dos "pontos brancos". Infecções por esse patógeno pode causar perdas significativas para aquaristas e para marinocultura comercial em todo o mundo. Este estudo relata a ocorrência de C. irritans parasitando a espécie de peixe ornamental de recife Zebrasoma xanthurum. Seis dias após serem introduzidos no novo ambiente, onze peixes apresentaram pontos brancos espalhados pelo corpo e nadadeiras. Suspeitando de infecção por C. irritans foi realizado raspado de pele para confirmar o diagnóstico clínico. Após a confirmação, os peixes foram transferidos para um aquário hospital e tratados com o agente terapêutico Seachem Cupramine® por 15 dias. Durante o período de tratamento o monitoramento da concentração de cobre foi diário através da utilização de um fotômetro. Após o final do tratamento, todos os peixes já não apresentavam mais sinais clínicos de pontos brancos pelo corpo, e foram negativos no raspado de pele, sendo foram encaminhados para comercialização.
Subject(s)
Animals , Perciformes/parasitology , Ciliophora Infections/veterinary , Ciliophora/isolation & purification , Fish Diseases/parasitology , Perciformes/classification , Ciliophora/classification , AquacultureABSTRACT
En países donde el Plasmodium ovale no es común, los microscopistas tienden a identificarlo de manera errónea como Plasmodium vivax. En este trabajo reportamos la identificación de la especie P. ovale curtisi por el método de PCR múltiple semianidada (SnM-PCR) y la secuenciación de la subunidad pequeña del gen del ARN 18S, en un paciente paraguayo de 44 años de edad que vino en el 2.013 de Guinea Ecuatorial, África Occidental, a quien se le diagnosticó una infección por P. vivax por microscopía convencional. El empleo de métodos moleculares para la identificación de casos importados de infección con especies del género Plasmodium es uno de los objetivos principales en el control y la prevención de la malaria en Paraguay, teniendo en cuenta que el país se encuentra en fase de pre-eliminación de la enfermedad.
In countries where Plasmodium ovale is not common, the microscopists often mistakenlyidentify it as Plasmodium vivax. Here, we report the identification of the specie P. ovalecurtisi by the Seminested Multiplex PCR (SnM-PCR) technique and sequencing of the 18ssuRNA gene in a 44-year old Paraguayan male who came in 2013 from the EquatorialGuinea, Western Africa, and was diagnosed as having P. vivax infection by conventionalmicroscopy. Molecular biology tools for the identification of imported cases of infectionwith species of the genus Plasmodium is one of the main goals in the control andprevention of malaria in Paraguay, considering that the country is in the pre-eliminationphase of the disease.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Malaria/diagnosis , Plasmodium ovaleABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To identify measles virus genotypes in three cases of travelers suspected of measles infection. METHODS: Samples (blood and urine) were collected for serology, virus isolation, and genotyping. Sera were analyzed for IgM antibodies against measles virus and rubella virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Siemens - Marburg, Germany). Clinical samples (lymphocytes and urine) were inoculated into Statens Serum Institute rabbit corneal epithelial cell line- ATCC CL 60 (SIRC) and Vero Slam cells. RNA was extracted from clinical samples and cell culture was inoculated and processed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with oligonucleotides specific for measles virus (MV) and rubella virus (RV). RESULTS: All patients showed IgM negative serology for MV and positive IgM for RV. RV belonging to genotypes 1B, 1C, and 1E were isolated from patients who came from Finland, Peru, and Germany, respectively. Genotype 1B has been found in Europe and on the East Coast of South America; 1C has been found in Peru and the West Coast of South America, and 1E, first identified in 1997, now appears to have worldwide distribution. CONCLUSION: Information about RV and MV genotypes circulating in São Paulo is essential for the control of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in Brazil.
OBJETIVO: Identificar o genótipo do vírus do sarampo em três viajantes suspeitos de infecção por sarampo. MÉTODOS: Amostras (sangue e urina) foram coletadas para sorologia, isolamento viral e genotipagem. As sorologias para pesquisa de IgM para o vírus do sarampo e da rubéola foi realizada utilizando-se o kit de ELISA (Siemens - Marburg, Alemanha). As amostras clínicas (linfócito e urina) foram inoculadas na SIRC (Statens Serum Institute rabbit corneal epithelial cell line-ATCC CL 60) e nas células Vero Slam. O RNA foi extraído das amostras clínicas e das células inoculadas e processadas por PCR, utilizando oligonucleotideos específicos para sarampo e rubéola. RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes apresentaram sorologia IgM negativa para sarampo e positivo para rubéola. Os vírus da rubéola isolados dos pacientes que vieram da Finlândia, Peru e Alemanha pertencem aos genótipos 1B, 1C e 1E, respectivamente. O genótipo 1B foi encontrado na Europa e na costa oriental da América do Sul, o genótipo 1C foi encontrado no Peru e na costa oeste da América do Sul e o genótipo 1E, identificado pela primeira vez em 1997, agora aparenta ser um genótipo com distribuição mundial. CONCLUSÃO: O conhecimento dos genótipos de sarampo e rubéola que circulam em São Paulo é essencial para o controle do sarampo, rubéola e síndrome da rubéola congênita.